Observational Evidence from Supernovae for an Accelerating Universe and a Cosmological Constant

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• Book V — Categorical Macrocosm Part 3
  Chapter Dark Energy as Readout Artifact

  Dark Energy as Readout Artifact In 1998, observations of Type Ia supernovae revealed that the expansion of the universe is accelerating

• Book V — Categorical Macrocosm Part 3
  Chapter Dark Energy as Readout Artifact

  The observed transition redshift from SN Ia compilations is z_acc ≈ 0.64 ± 0.05 (Riess et al. 2004 , Conley et al. 2011)

• Book V — Categorical Macrocosm Part 3
  Chapter Dark Energy as Readout Artifact

  Three independent lines of evidence confirm it: Type Ia supernovae (1998–present) : high-redshift supernovae are fainter than expected in a decelerating universe

• Book V — Categorical Macrocosm Part 5
  Chapter H₀ Tension Resolution and the ΛCDM Re-Read

  Dark energy: a brief history. The accelerated expansion was discovered in 1998 by two independent supernova survey teams (Perlmutter et al. and Riess et al. ), who found that Type Ia supernovae at z ∼ 0.5 were ∼ 0.2 magnitudes fainter than expected in a matter-dominated universe

• Book V — Categorical Macrocosm Part 5
  Chapter H₀ Tension Resolution and the ΛCDM Re-Read

  For over a decade, two classes of measurement have yielded discrepant values: ``early-universe'' methods (CMB analysis via Planck , BAO calibration) give H_0 ≈ 67.4 ± 0.5 km/s/Mpc, while ``late-universe'' methods (Cepheid-calibrated Type Ia supernovae via SH0ES and related programmes) give H_0 ≈ 73.0 ± 1.0 km/s/Mpc

• Book V — Categorical Macrocosm Part 5
  Chapter H₀ Tension Resolution and the ΛCDM Re-Read

  Late-universe: SH0ES Cepheid calibration gives H_0 = 73.0 ± 1.0 km/s/Mpc (Riess 2022) ; other direct methods give 69–76 km/s/Mpc

• Book V — Categorical Macrocosm Part 5
  Chapter H₀ Tension Resolution and the ΛCDM Re-Read

  Perlmutter and Riess were right: the distant supernovae are faint

• Book V — Categorical Macrocosm Part 7
  Chapter General Relativity as Emergent Geometry

  Cosmological expansion (Hubble, 1929 ; Perlmutter/Riess, 1998 ): the Friedmann equations (derived from GR) predict the expansion history of the universe

• Book V — Categorical Macrocosm Part 7
  Chapter The Dark Sector Dissolved

  Cosmological expansion (Hubble, 1929 ; Perlmutter/Riess, 1998 ): the Friedmann equations predict the expansion history

• Book V — Categorical Macrocosm Part 7
  Chapter The Dark Sector Dissolved

  Dark energy (∼ 68%): a substance with negative pressure that drives the accelerating expansion discovered in 1998 (Perlmutter et al. , Riess et al. )

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