Measurements of $\Omega$ and $\Lambda$ from 42 High-Redshift Supernovae

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• Book V — Categorical Macrocosm Part 3
  Chapter Dark Energy as Readout Artifact

  Dark Energy as Readout Artifact In 1998, observations of Type Ia supernovae revealed that the expansion of the universe is accelerating

• Book V — Categorical Macrocosm Part 3
  Chapter Dark Energy as Readout Artifact

  Three independent lines of evidence confirm it: Type Ia supernovae (1998–present) : high-redshift supernovae are fainter than expected in a decelerating universe

• Book V — Categorical Macrocosm Part 5
  Chapter H₀ Tension Resolution and the ΛCDM Re-Read

  Dark energy: a brief history. The accelerated expansion was discovered in 1998 by two independent supernova survey teams (Perlmutter et al. and Riess et al. ), who found that Type Ia supernovae at z ∼ 0.5 were ∼ 0.2 magnitudes fainter than expected in a matter-dominated universe

• Book V — Categorical Macrocosm Part 5
  Chapter H₀ Tension Resolution and the ΛCDM Re-Read

  Perlmutter and Riess were right: the distant supernovae are faint

• Book V — Categorical Macrocosm Part 7
  Chapter General Relativity as Emergent Geometry

  Cosmological expansion (Hubble, 1929 ; Perlmutter/Riess, 1998 ): the Friedmann equations (derived from GR) predict the expansion history of the universe

• Book V — Categorical Macrocosm Part 7
  Chapter The Dark Sector Dissolved

  Cosmological expansion (Hubble, 1929 ; Perlmutter/Riess, 1998 ): the Friedmann equations predict the expansion history

• Book V — Categorical Macrocosm Part 7
  Chapter The Dark Sector Dissolved

  Dark energy (∼ 68%): a substance with negative pressure that drives the accelerating expansion discovered in 1998 (Perlmutter et al. , Riess et al. )

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