Chapter 31: Symbiosis and Ecosystems: The Inter-Sector Web

Ecosystems are inter-sector webs coupling all five Life sectors, with energy and material flowing through Producer → Consumer → Decomposer (Source → Consumer → Closure). Nutrient cycles are reinterpreted as multi-scale Poincaré circulations, symbiosis as coupled self-relations between distinct carriers, and ecological communities as game-theoretic Nash equilibria governing predator–prey dynamics, competitive exclusion, and niche partitioning.